Big Lychee, Various Sectors

From HKFP, a fully illustrated account of how the HK Police spent June 4 in Causeway Bay, apparently setting up a roadblock on a pedestrian-only street…

Another woman was seen gesturing “six” and “four” with her hands at around 6pm on Great George Street in Causeway Bay, The Collective reported. Police officers at the scene warned her that her behaviour could be “seditious”. They pressed her hands down and took her away into a police vehicle.

At around 6.30pm, Chan Po-ying, chairperson of the now-defunct League of Social Democrats, a pro-democracy party, appeared in Causeway Bay with a yellow paper flower.

Police at the scene warned Chan that her behaviour might constitute “disorder in public places” and told her to put the flower in her bag. 

Officers then took her away in a police vehicle.

A man was surrounded by police officers on Paterson Street after being spotted holding a candle at around 7pm.

While being searched, he asked whether he was being arrested and said that he did not have to comply with their orders if he was not under arrest. “I know my rights,” he said.

After he asked again whether he was under arrest, an officer said, “Disorderly conduct,” and they escorted him into a police van.

A young man in a black T-shirt was intercepted by police after he put on a blindfold and used a red marker pen to write on his arm outside the Sogo department store at around 7.15pm.

…Before he got into the [police] van, he pulled out a small red book that appeared to be China’s constitution. 

Video of another incident here.

Some exquisitely curated weekend reading…

The Guardian on efforts to collect and preserve photos and accounts from Tiananmen in 1989…

The passage of time, with the world’s eyes soon drawn elsewhere, and suppression by authorities at home mean that the pivotal moment in Chinese history is at risk of fading into grey. 

…One aspect particular at risk is a detail less commonly associated with the massacre: the hope that blossomed in the days leading up to the killing of hundreds, possibly thousands, of unarmed protesters by the Chinese army as they demanded democratic reforms.

One collection encapsulating that sense is a set of photographs taken by Austrian sinologist Helmut Opletal who was posted to Beijing as a journalist in May 1989. His photographs show crowds of protesters holding up banners calling for freedom and democracy, many with smiles on their faces and thrusting peace signs into the air.

…The Opletal photographs are among the hundreds of items hosted by China Unofficial Archives (CUA), a grassroots project launched in 2023 as a US-registered non-profit that aims to protect “censored and suppressed Chinese history”. 

Is Beijing abolishing the hukou? A long read from ezine Positions…

The question of hukou’s demise, however, is as old as China’s capitalist reforms. In 1994, when mass rural-urban migration was only just beginning, South China Morning Post ran the headline “Registration System Set to Be Abolished” (Chan and Buckingham 2008, 583). It wasn’t, but six years later the State Development Planning Commission announced that, “…China aims to abolish the system over the next five years” (Xinhua 2001). Four years after that, The New York Times credulously reported, “China plans to abolish legal distinctions between urban residents and peasants in 11 provinces” (Kahn 2005). In response to this anthology of dashed hopes, misinterpretations, and some bad faith propaganda, Kam Wing Chan and Will Buckingham penned a landmark article in The China Quarterly in 2008 in which they answered definitively: no, the hukou may be changing but it is not going away. 

The Diplomat on the mixed messages in Chinese film The Belief. The movie is about the Battle of Peng Hu, a naval engagement in the 1680s (some 40 years after the Manchu conquest), in which a Qing fleet fought and defeated that of the Tungning Kingdom, a Ming-loyalist regime in Taiwan.

To the CCP, the storyline should be obvious: the Mainland seizes Taiwan. But to some nationalistic Chinese, the parallels are less straightforward. The Qing were Manchu invaders who oppressed the Han for centuries up to the 1911 revolution. (As it happens, most combatants on both sides in the Peng Hu battle were Fujianese.)…

The backlash to “The Belief” reflects a strong anti-Qing sentiment in contemporary Chinese society. Where is this mood coming from?

The Qing Dynasty ended over a century ago, making it unlikely that contemporary Chinese people possess a deep collective memory of living under Qing rule. Furthermore, the Manchus in China today have been highly assimilated by the Han Chinese, and their language has almost become extinct. This means that a serious cultural conflict between the Han Chinese and Manchus is also unlikely. These factors make this question particularly perplexing.

…contrast the reception of “The Belief” with the surge in popularity of palace dramas and romance dramas set in the Qing Dynasty in mainland China during the 2010s. Some of these dramas achieved extremely high ratings during this period. 

However, in recent years, films and television series set in this dynasty have faced more severe questioning and criticism regarding their political and nationalist implications. This represents a new wave of Han chauvinism, which has clashed with official discourse.

Under the Han chauvinistic narrative that has gained strength in recent years, the Qing Dynasty is often seen as a dark age for the Han people, bringing entirely negative consequences to Chinese history. This dynasty is frequently associated with massacres, national humiliation, monarchical autocracy, and cultural control. 

…the Manchus … did enjoy certain privileges during their rule. These privileges have led to a deliberate distinction between the Manchus and Han Chinese in today’s sentiment, equating the Manchus with the “ruling class” and portraying them as “oppressors” of the Han. This reminds people of the rigid class system in today’s Chinese society. Viewed through this lens, the rise in anti-Qing sentiment is essentially a collective historical imagination, used to provide catharsis for contemporary Chinese dissatisfaction with reality. 

From Semafor, a look at how Beijing has created the enemy it sees in Japan…

Japan-bashing has become the core of a strident Chinese nationalism, with disastrous consequences. Indeed, Beijing’s nonstop demonization, economic coercion, and regular harassment of Japan, its people, and its institutions have created the monster it most fears. 

More than you could possibly want to know about Beijing indie band (and today’s guest stars) Carsick Cars.

A break from the mundane usual, courtesy of the couple who have given birth to three children at home with no professional medical care. The first, born in Finland, died. The second, also born in Finland, was taken into care in Sweden. The latest was born in a Hong Kong apartment, with the father cutting the umbilical cord. Authorities are anxious because the parents haven’t registered the birth within the required six weeks. The parents were arrested for child neglect. (Out on bail, if you want an update.)

Various reports quote officials or others declaring that the child doesn’t legally exist. (It obviously does: you could gently prod it with your finger to prove it’s there; if it wasn’t, the government would have no grounds to arrest the couple.)

The parents believe – among other things – that invasive procedures like injections or DNA tests are against their religion.

What’s the Scandinavian connection? I’m also intrigued about their faith, which I haven’t seen reported. I’m betting Jehova’s Witnesses. They have that ‘look’.

Oz ABC News looks back at 1989 and its aftermath in today’s Hong Kong…

“…for Hong Kong, a society that functioned with these democratic rights and freedoms and free press for over a century, to have it taken away inexorably and quite quickly over the last 20 years, has been a bit of a blow to many, many people.” 

On which note: a performance artist – sorry, another performance artist – stopped by police in Causeway Bay.

Victoria Park is occupied around June 4 by a patriotic ‘hometown market’…

Kung Chun-lung, chairperson of the Hong Kong Guangdong Federation, said the carnival will introduce products of “rural rejuvenation,” such as sweet potato, corn, and peanut. The five-day event will also see performances by local celebrities, such as Maria Cordero, as well as a traditional Chinese war dance and a “robotic band”…

There was a time when government officials would dread having to answer questions in the Legislative Council. Pan-democrat lawmakers – and even the occasional ‘pro-business’ one – would maul them if the quality of governance was failing to match public expectations. Then LegCo became ‘all-patriot’, and the chamber’s members embraced a new role: universally supporting the executive branch, rather than holding it to account. At least, 99.9% of the time.

Yet ministers are still not happy. Perhaps, with opposition politicians, media and civic groups all pretty much vanished, top officials’ skins have become thinner and more sensitive. Indeed, the sharp words and pointed questions that were once a daily part of the job have become ‘incitement’ or at least ‘soft resistance’. Even the mildest suggestion that the executive branch is at fault might be met with shock and outrage. Some legislators are so upset that they complained to the chamber’s president…

Hong Kong Legislative Council president Starry Lee Wai-king has urged officials to respect lawmakers’ dissenting views amid a recent rise in government pushback, stressing that public policies “always have pros and cons”.

…Lee said she had relayed lawmakers’ concerns to the government regarding officials’ recent rebuttals. She described the relationship between the executive and legislative branches as an ongoing process requiring mutual respect from both sides…

Her remarks came after several recent incidents in which government officials publicly rebuked lawmakers. These included the Department of Health criticising legislator Chris Ip Ngo-tung, without naming him, for raising concerns about the ban on alternative smoking products, accusing him of “spreading false information and misleading the public and visitors” in April.

…“I call on different stakeholders, including government officials, to respect the diverse views of legislators. In fact, there is never a policy with only one voice,” Lee said, urging officials to engage lawmakers proactively when encountering opposing opinions.

When do you last remember a Hong Kong lawmaker being critical of the administration?

China Media Project on Beijing’s preparations ahead of June 4…

The deep sensitivity surrounding the juxtaposition of International Children’s Day and June Fourth means that for the Chinese Communist Party, this will be a week of profound and insistent amnesia. And part of that act of erasure is the noisy affirmation of the party’s power over the future of China’s youth.  

Millions of yacht owners dance in the streets upon hearing that they can now sail their boats between Hong Kong and half a dozen Pearl River Delta cities with less paperwork. Is weaving in and out of container ships the ideal way to go to Zhuhai or Dongguan? Though Zhongshan is worth a visit.

The Hong Kong government said on Saturday that it welcomed the new policy.

“Under the new policy, the exemption [from] the requirement for a guarantee will significantly reduce the financial burden” on yacht owners, it said in a statement.

It also praised the simplified registration scheme, which allows Hong Kong and Macau yachts to obtain temporary national ship registration from mainland China “without affecting their original ship registration.”

Owners of Hong Kong and Macau yachts previously had to pay hefty customs guarantees and undergo complex registration procedures before entering mainland ports.

This is all part of a push to develop the ‘yacht economy’. Presumably, a group of civil servants were locked into a room and told they would not be let out until they had identified a new economic activity for which Hong Kong could conceivably become a hub-zone. They eventually came up with yachting. Perhaps more a hobby than a sector. As with, say, stamp-collecting, the pastime surely accounts for a microscopic percentage of Hong Kong’s GDP, so it certainly has room to grow. ‘Room’, of course, is not the same as ‘potential’.

Speaking of ‘tremendous opportunities’, the CE and some old, long-forgotten faces like Jeffrey Lam and Fred Ma are on a delegation to Kazakhstan. (Did they go by yacht?)

The UK’s most prestigious paper picks up the story the Hong Kong Justice Dept wants the press to ignore. (Paywalled, ironically.)  

Chau led the prosecution team at Lai’s trial last year, telling the court that the state did not need to provide specific details around the publisher’s alleged “conspiracy to commit collusion with foreign forces” to prove that he was the “mastermind” behind a plot against the government. 

Instead, the prosecutor highlighted Lai’s trips to the US at the time of democracy protests in Hong Kong in 2019, which included a meeting with the then vice-president, Mike Pence.

AFP report via HKFP on the plight of Hong Kong people living in subdivided apartments following the government’s recent attempt to enforce minimum standards on landlords…

Subdivided flats like Lau’s three-square-metre (32-square-feet) home — made by splitting up an apartment into smaller units — are being phased out after a law to regulate them came into effect in March.

Chinese President Xi Jinping has ordered the wealthy finance hub to resolve housing woes that are the result of decades of pervasive inequality, an acute housing shortage and eye-watering rents.

The Hong Kong government has given owners who register under the new system until 2030 to renovate their subdivided flats, but some landlords have already issued eviction notices to their tenants.

More probably, the housing woes are the cause of pervasive inequality. But Xi Jinping is surely right in seeing housing as the number-one reason for the longstanding widespread discontent that came to a head in 2019. 

His predecessors must share some of the blame. In the 1960s-1990s, colonial Hong Kong governments built at least one New Town a decade to (barely) keep up with a fast-growing population. But after the Joint Declaration was signed in the 1980s, Beijing insisted on tight limits on land sales (for reasons that were never clear, though officially Chinese officials said the Brits might ‘run away’ with the money in 1997). Cue a massive housing bubble, and vast profit margins for the big developers.

After the bubble burst soon after the handover courtesy of the Asian financial crisis, Hong Kong’s leaders could have set about adjusting to a more normal system of land use and housing. Beijing mildly urged them to tackle ‘deep-rooted’ problems. Instead, they essentially engineered another artificial shortage of housing supply. At the same time, the number of Mainland immigrants coming into Hong Kong – many of them low-skilled – increased.

Since the ‘second handover’ of 2019-20, previously ‘unusable’ space in the New Territories has mysteriously been identified as suitable for residential use. But bureaucrats still seem to try hard to keep housing scarce. They allocate land for superfluous office blocks, malls, highways and arts centres. They rule out using thousands of mini-homes built as Covid isolation facilities. They rule out using the to-be-demolished Wang Fuk Court site for housing. They insist that the additional apartments in the New Territories must be small, so as not to upset existing property owners. And measures to improve conditions in shoe-box homes lead to tenants being evicted. 

If the authorities had treated housing in the past as seriously as they treat ‘national security’ today, there would have been far less reason/pretext to introduce the post-2019 new order.

Further to the leaked memo on leaks to Frances Hui about new DPP Anthony Chau and his junior Crystal Chan…

…Deputy Secretary for Justice Horace Cheung confirmed on Wednesday the existence of the internal memo sent by Secretary for Justice Paul Lam on Tuesday. 

Cheung also warned the media against asking about unsubstantiated claims, lest such questions fuel those accusations. Continuing to ask about the “unsubstantiated allegations… would only fuel those accusations,” he said, Ming Pao reported. 

Shut up about the whole thing?

…Neither Lam nor Cheung said whether the department would look into the misconduct allegations against Chau.

Cheung also told journalists on Wednesday that he would not comment further on the incident to avoid “encouraging unhealthy trends.”

The Justice Dept is implicitly confirming that its own staff passed (highly detailed) allegations against Chau to Frances Hui, and actually begging not to be asked questions about the issue. If the government wants to convince the public that the claims are ‘completely without factual basis and entirely fabricated’, it might be better not to fall into the infamous Streisand effect. 

Some weekend reading and viewing…

Historian Miles Yu on the Thucydides Trap…

…one of the most overhyped and intellectually lazy clichés in modern geopolitics. Recycled endlessly after every U.S.–China summit, it claims that war between the United States and China is inevitable because a “rising China” is displacing a “declining America.” The theory flatters Beijing, excites conference panels, and gives foreign-policy pundits the illusion of historical sophistication. In reality, it is little more than fatalistic pseudo-history wrapped in academic jargon. Worse, it reinforces one of the CCP’s most dangerous delusions: that communist China is historically destined to replace the United States as the dominant global power. That fantasy says far more about Marxist-Leninist ideology than it does about strategic reality.

Ed Elson on the SpaceX IPO…

To be blunt: It’s a trainwreck. Unserious, empty, hallucinatory, and borderline dishonest…

After eighteen images of rockets in space, we learn that the company’s mission is “to extend the light of consciousness to the stars.” To accomplish this, the company plans to advance humanity “to Kardashev Type II status,” which is defined in the document as “a civilization that harnesses the full energy output of its local star.” Only a few pages in and it’s already starting to feel like an ayahuasca trip.

…AI gets a mind-boggling 1,251 mentions — more features than the word “Jesus” gets in the Bible.

Once you arrive at the financials you start to realize what the language is overcompensating for: awful numbers…

…I’d have no problem with SpaceX’s sh*tty financials if they were reflected in the valuation — but they’re not. The stock is set to be priced at 107 times sales, which would make it one of the most expensive stocks in history. (The most expensive stock in the S&P 500 is Palantir, which trades at 64 times sales). It will be twice as valuable than Walmart while generating less revenue than Macy’s.

A video on the same subject from analyst/satirist Patrick Boyle.

Aside from index-trackers (who get no choice), what kind of idiot is going to buy an AI/Mars-colonization stock valued at US$2 trillion?

From the CFHK…

Last weekend, #HongKong was rocked by the kind of scandal the city’s once-free tabloid press — namely the now-defunct Apple Daily — would’ve aggressively exposed: the misuse of public funds by one of Hong Kong’s top public prosecutors.

From Washington, D.C., our policy and advocacy manager @frances_hui publicly lodged serious allegations against Hong Kong’s newly appointed Director of Public Prosecutions Anthony Chau, a lead prosecutor in the Hong Kong 47 and #FreeJimmyLai national security cases.

Drawing on insider information, Hui alleged that Chau misused public funds to book luxury hotel stays with a female subordinate prosecutor under the guise of “national security casework” while granting her professional privileges — conduct raising serious conflict-of-interest concerns.

Chau’s predecessor, Maggie Yang, is also widely believed to have covered up the misconduct.

The government responded by claiming the matter had already been investigated, accusing Frances of “malicious smearing,” and reportedly attempting to identify whistleblowers.

Hong Kong’s national security system is increasingly structured to shield those in power from scrutiny. 

…It ultimately took a wanted activist — carrying a HK$1 million bounty and speaking from exile — to bring the allegations into public view. 

The Hong Kong Department of Justice’s immediate response was not to announce a transparent investigation into the allegations but to threaten Hui with criminal prosecution, vowing to “severely punish lawbreakers in accordance with the law.” 

Official propaganda about “foreign forces” and “soft resistance” serves to distract from the steady replacement of transparency with unaccountable power. 

The government can point to proof that it does ‘punish lawbreakers’ in its own ranks. From the last three days…

An off-duty police officer and his wife have been charged with two counts of assault occasioning actual bodily harm after their Filipino domestic helper reported being attacked, police said.

The 39-year-old helper reported to police around noon on Monday that she had been assaulted by her employers. She sustained injuries to her hand and head and was taken conscious to United Christian Hospital.

…Police said the force places great importance on officers’ conduct and will not tolerate or condone any illegal behavior.

And…

A police officer has been charged with eight counts of accessing a computer with criminal or dishonest intent and one count of criminal damage, following an investigation into a complaint, authorities said.

Investigations revealed the officer repeatedly accessed police system data without authorisation between April and May 2024. He also allegedly splashed red paint on a residential unit in Wong Tai Sin on May 4, 2024.

…Police said the force places great importance on officers’ conduct and will not tolerate or condone any illegal behaviour.

And…

A former senior police inspector has been jailed for 30 months over misconduct in public office and accepting HK$1.4 million in bribes in exchange for leaking case details and dropping an investigation into a suspect.

…In mitigation, the defence said that Ho faced mental and financial pressure from family issues and “fell into the abyss of selling his soul.” Considering Ho’s guilty plea and mitigation, Judge Wai handed down a 30-month prison sentence, down from a starting point of four years. 

An LGBTQ radio show previously scrapped by government-run RTHK is cancelled by another station…

Hong Kong’s Metro Radio has abruptly halted plans to relaunch radio programme We Are Family, an LGBTQ show axed by government-funded broadcaster RTHK three years ago, its host has said.

Brian Leung, the host of We Are Family, said on the show’s Facebook page on Wednesday that Metro Radio invited him in April to relaunch We Are Family on Metro Info Live, one of the radio’s channels. 

The invitation was made by Steven Ma, who was the CEO of Metro Radio at the time. It was decided that the show would start on May 29, Leung said. 

After Ma announced he was leaving Metro Radio in May, Leung said he sought clarification from the head of Metro Info Live about whether the show would go on. He was told it would launch as scheduled and that an advertisement for it had already aired on Monday.

However, Leung said he received a call from the head of Metro Info Live on Wednesday afternoon, saying Metro Radio’s new management had decided to halt the relaunch.

This is just after gay carnival Pink Dot gets cancelled for the second year in a row after failing to get official permits. And seven months after Hong Kong Pride’s Rainbow Festival was postponed after the government decided the venue area needed urgent construction work.

There are puritan nationalistic and fundamentalist Christian elements with longstanding hang-ups about gay rights, and they are no doubt happy to see these sorts of events being cancelled. But they are not the ones making the decisions. The intolerance is not simply for gay-themed events but for a whole range of civil society activity – independent unions, political parties, bookstore classes, protests about the Wang Fuk Court tragedy, Tiananmen vigils, etc. Such activities are not illegal, but so many bureaucratic or other hurdles mysteriously arise that they can’t happen. 

What they have in common is: they involve actual or possible gatherings of people; they have some sort of potential political angle; and they are not under any form of government/United Front oversight.

So – it’s nothing personal!

Via Samuel Bickett, the Justice Dept issues a memo to all staff threatening to discipline anyone found leaking information about the new Director of Public Prosecutions. A leaked memo.

From the SCMP…

Hong Kong’s justice department has rejected online accusations about the newly promoted public prosecutions director [Anthony Chau Tin-hang] and a colleague, labelling the allegations “despicable behaviour” and an attempt to “defame public officers”.

In a statement on Saturday, the department said it had referred the case to law enforcement agencies for further investigation, vowing to “severely punish lawbreakers in accordance with the law”.

US-based Hong Kong fugitive activist Frances Hui Wing-ting has accused the two prosecutors – both of whom have handled national security cases – of abusing their positions for private ends.

Hui also accused their former boss of siding with them.

…Anthony Chau Tin-hang was promoted as the director of public prosecutions earlier this week, succeeding Maggie Yang Mei-kei, who is retiring after 32 years of service with the department.

Joel Chan elaborates…

Online posts by [Hui] … claim [Chau] had an improper relationship with a subordinate DoJ prosecutor, using public funds to stay at The Murray for “national security case work” around holidays 

The posts claim Chau influenced senior public prosecutor Crystal Chan Wing-sum’s appraisal, court exposure and promotion prospects

Chau assigned Chan to work on the Sadler/Segantii insider trading case, now ongoing

Hui alleges former DPP Maggie Yang Mei-kei knew but covered it up

Samuel Bickett says…

For years, every lawyer and journalist in Hong Kong has known that new Director of Public Prosecutions Anthony Chau was in an inappropriate sexual relationship with his subordinate Crystal Chan, granting her special privileges and misusing public funds to conceal it. But it took an activist in exile, @frances_hui, to bring it into the open.

If you have wondered why Hong Kong officials are so determined to shut down independent media like Apple Daily, imprison journalists, and drive human rights lawyers out of town, now you understand. 

From Janus Tin – a translation of Frances Hui’s long and explicit post…

During the handling of the entire 47 pro-democracy figures case, the two of them more than once used the pretext of “dealing with national security cases” to demand that the police arrange stays at the five-star Murray Hotel with public funds, on dates including Christmas, New Year’s, Valentine’s Day, and the like—using public resources for the two of them to shack up. On [Crystal Chan Wing-sum’s] birthday, the police were even asked to go to Lady M in Central to buy a pink birthday cake worth about HK$1,000 and bring it back to the West Kowloon office, with the excuse being “because the assistant likes pink.” It’s said that during the Jimmy Lai case, the police later realized this was improper and substantially cut back on the hotel services.

…Word is that [Anthony Chau Tin-hang’s] wife once stormed into Yeung Mei-ki’s office in a rage and lodged a complaint with her. 

Oh Lawdy!

(The Lady M site, since you’re interested. A highly tasteful Dubai mochi tiramisu boutique.)

The Dept of Justice issues a denial (which is also the focus of the SCMP story)…

The DoJ has noticed that serious allegations involving the newly appointed Director of Public Prosecutions and another DoJ officer have been widely circulating online. The DoJ had earlier conducted a rigorous investigation into an anonymous complaint containing relevant content in accordance with the established procedures, and is confident that the allegations are completely without factual basis, entirely fabricated, and constitute malicious smearing.

It is ill-intentioned for someone to maliciously spread rumours online following the appointment of the new Director of Public Prosecutions, and to deliberately smear dedicated prosecutors who perform duties in safeguarding national security. 

If the government is right in stating that the story is ‘entirely fabricated’ – and who am I to doubt it? – I look forward to Frances Hui’s first novel.

A 55-year-old construction worker throws pieces of paper out of his 12th floor apartment into a public area. A clear case of littering. In fact, he is arrested and charged with…

…two counts of “doing with a seditious intention an act or acts that had a seditious intention”…

Because of what was written on the paper.   

Officials discuss provision for public space at the Northern Metropolis in the Legislative Council…

The debate also centred on whether room existed for further increases in the minimum size requirement for private and public housing units in general.

[Secretary for Development Bernadette] Linn said officials needed to take into account a number of factors for consideration.

“We need to consider the cost and return for developers. We also need to consider that society has diverse needs, people from all walks of life have different requirements of flat size, as well as the affordability of potential buyers,” she said.

The development chief added there might be a knock-on effect on the property market whenever the administration decides to lay down new indicators on minimum size requirements for flats, noting such an impact must be gauged carefully. 

This could mean: we must ensure property tycoons make lots of money; we will make sure the housing is so expensive most people can afford only a shoe-box; and we can’t have bigger affordable apartments because it might hurt the value of larger units that our friends have already bought.

Or it might mean something else. Not sure.

Some weekend reading: how Uyghur culture becomes ‘extremism’, from Bitter Winter.